KOREAN MARTIAL ARTS

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Korean Martial Arts (KMA)

Version: 1.4y              Date: 2 Apr 2017

Brought to you by the Martial Arts Resource
(http://MartialArtsResource.com) and California Taekwondo and Hapkido

Ray Terry, P.O. Box 110841, Campbell, CA  95011-0841
MartialArtsResource -at- gmail -dot- com

This FAQ was created to be informative.  There are no
intentions for it to be offensive to any style or person.

This FAQ is a compilation of information acquired over the years from
various sources, but it is FAR from complete. Any corrections or additions
that are submitted will be carefully considered. Send them to address
MartialArtsResource -at- gmail -dot- com
and include "KMA FAQ INFO" as the subject heading.

* =====================================
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* =====================================
*
* 1 - Introduction
* 2 - What is a martial art?
* 3 - How do I choose a school?
* 4 - Should children study martial arts?
* 5 - Belief systems
* 6 - Rankings/Color belt systems
* 7 - Korean martial arts glossary
* 8 - Bibliography
* 9 - Sources of electronic information
* 10 - Sources of equipment and material
* 11 - Different Korean arts and styles
* 12 - TaeKwonDo Olympic sparring rules
* 13 - Brief History of Korea
* 14 - Korean Martial Arts Organizations
* 15 - The people that made this FAQ possible
* 
* =====================================

*************************************************************
* 1.0 Introduction
*************************************************************

This FAQ is not intended to be a martial arts bible, but to give some
help to those that are looking for a place to start, or those more
experienced that would like to know more about some different style,
have a particular doubt, etc.

Please note that this is not the "Absolute Truth" but rather an
attempt to give clear and basic information about Korean martial arts.
Your suggestions, opinions, and additions are welcome; send e-mail per
the above instructions.

*************************************************************
* 2.0 What is a martial art?
*************************************************************

A martial art can be defined as a system of techniques, physical and mental
exercises developed as an effective means for self-defense and offense,
both unarmed and with the use of weapons.

The origin and history of martial arts is a controversial issue.  We can see
signs of martial arts in Greece, Egypt, Korea, Africa, Japan, China, Okinawa,
Thailand, as well as other cultures.  There is a clear trail leading from the
Southern China regions up to Korea, Okinawa and Japan.  The details before
that, and the exact details of that transfer, are greatly debated by
historians and martial artists.

*************************************************************
* 3.0 How do I choose a school?
*************************************************************

A couple of things that are important parts to look at in the process of
choosing a school:

   (1)  The environment where you'll learn and train
   (2)  The people that will be your partners
   (3)  The instructor
   (4)  The logistics of the school

(1)     The environment where you will learn and train

Don't get impressed by the size of the place- just be sure that you feel
"ok" in there.

Also don't necessarily be impressed by huge number of trophies.  They may
indicate a very successful competitive school (if that is an aspect you are
interested in) or they could be all show.  Check carefully.

If you are not allowed to watch any classes, you may not want to invest
your time and money.  Without seeing a class you will not be able to get a
good feel for the school.

Ask questions- don't worry about looking stupid or asking the "wrong"
question.  They are going to be teaching and training you- you want to get
any concerns or considerations you have out before you commit to anything.

If you feel bullied or threatened in any manner, look somewhere else.

(2)     The people that will be your partners

Watch some classes (without participating), then ask to participate-
see if the behavior of the students changes by the fact that there is a new
person in their class.

What follows is a quick and dirty check list, to which you can add your own
points, based on what you consider important.  Remember: these questions
and suggestions are just guidelines, not hard and fast rules. There will
always be exceptions.

   - How good are the students?

This is more of a measure of the quality of the students as students than
their skill at martial arts.  See if you can picture yourself with these
people.  Are they attentive, respectful, interested in being there? Those
are all good signs...

   - Is there a mix of upper and lower ranks?

This is not always obvious in the styles without belt rankings, etc. It is
generally a good sign if advanced, intermediate and beginning students are
practicing together.  Check the approach the higher ranked students take to
you- their help will probably be very important in your advancement in the
Art you choose.

Some schools have classes separated by rank though.  Ask.

   -Is there a mix in the type of people in the class?

Although this doesn't necessarily mean anything if it is not present, it is
a good sign if there is a mixture of males and females, older and younger
people in the class.   It is a pointer to the efficiency of the Art if it
can teach a wide variety of people together.

   - Do they move the way you would like to?

This will give you some sense of what you can achieve.  Look to the senior
students and see if they move the way you want to move.

   - Do they help one another?

In a small class this may not apply, but in larger classes it is a good
sign if the senior students support and assist the junior students. This
kind of personal attention will aid you greatly in your training.

   - Do the senior students seem fit and relaxed?

This will give you a sense of the atmosphere of the school.  If the senior
students are uptight, nervous, unfit, out of shape, or unhappy, it may be a
sign to move on.  However, do not be put off by a single occurrence, i.e.
because on THAT day the senior student was in a poor mood.  It should at
least prompt you to look carefully though...

   - How common are injuries?

As most martial arts involve vigorous physical activity and contact,
injuries will occur.  However, if injuries are very common and/or
serious, there is likely a problem in how training is supervised, and you
will probably want to look elsewhere.  It will be difficult to tell what
the frequency/severity of injuries in the class is in one or two visits.
Ask the instructor.

(3)     The Instructor

        -You'll need some basic trust in the individual, as a beginning.

The instructor is the person who is going to be guiding your development as
a martial artist.   You need to feel comfortable with him or her, and feel
secure in receiving instruction from them. If you have some unease or
personality conflict with the instructor(s) you might want to look
elsewhere.

   - Do the students get personalized attention?

This will be a good judge of how valuable your time will be.  If there is a
good amount of instructor to student attention there will be more value for you.

   - Does the instructor differentiate between forms and function?

Another good indication is to find out if the instructor(s) differentiates 
between form and function.  In other words do they do it "because it looks
good" or "because it works."  This may not apply if you are looking for a
martial art as a performance art or as an exercise (though then you want to
look at the efficacy of their exercises...)

   - Does the instructor(s) differentiate between tournament and self-defense?

As above, your reaction to this question's answer will depend on what your
goals are.  However, there is general agreement that tournament training
and self-defense training, while highly related, are different. If the
instructor does not differentiate the two- that may be a danger sign!

   - Are adjustments made for students of differing body types and
     limitations?

Another good sign is if the instructor adjusts the training of his or her
student's physical realities:  telling a slow person to work contact, a
fast person to work ranges, a heavy person to work leverage, a light person
to work speed, or, conversely, concentrating on their weak areas to
compensate.

(4)     The logistics of the School

   -Money

This is an important element to be clear about.  You don't want to commit
to a school if you can't afford it.  It is impossible to address what a
reasonable price would be here, because the benefits offered, the local
economy, the quality of instruction, and the amount of instructor time are
all variables in the equation.

Find out if there are extra charges for going up in rank, find out if there
are organizational dues, tournament fees, mat fees, etc.

But do not be upset when a martial arts instructor charges money- they need
to eat and have a place to stay.

   -Location

If you are intending to spend a lot of time at the school you want it to be
accessible, and convenient enough for you to get their after work, on weekends, etc.

   -Classes

Another thing you want to be clear on is when you can go to the school and
when classes are.  Some schools are open almost all the time and have lots
of classes.  In some schools you can only come when an official class is
being held. An open school is usually better for obvious reasons- convenience,
practice time, access to mats, etc.

   -Commitments and Promises

This is an important thing to know about any school you will be joining. Be
very clear on what they will expect of you and what you expect of them.
Some teachers want to teach only people who are willing to commit to them
and their style, some are willing to introduce you to their style and let
you dabble, some will teach you as long as you show up. None of these are
intrinsically better or worse, but you want to know where they are coming
from so you and they are not surprised.

Find out if you are required to attend classes, find out about being late,
find out what the policy is on school rules of behavior and etiquette.
Find out how you are supposed to interact with the teacher and other
students.  There are many styles for all these things so make sure you find
out.  The easiest way is to ask these questions.

There may be other questions you want to look at and specific questions you
have about an instructor, school, organization, or style you are looking
at. Know the questions you want answered and you will find the perfect
school for you!

*************************************************************
* 4.0 Should children study martial arts?
*************************************************************

In general, yes.  Some of the possible positives would be control of
aggressiveness, instilling self-respect and self-control, as well as
self-defense.

The style that a child should take is a totally different question, and is
directly influenced by the style, if any, of the parents.  It will of
course be convenient if the child can practice with, or at least in the
same school as, the parents.  The major issue with children in the martial
arts is the integrity and trustworthiness of the teacher and the school.

The joints and connective tissues of children are more vulnerable to injury
than those of adults.  Keep this in mind when selecting a style and school
for a child, and discuss it with the instructor.  Schools which allow
aggressive joint locks to be applied to children or don't train them to
refrain from snapping/hyper-extending elbows on strikes and knees on kicks
should be avoided.  (It is for this same reason that good baseball coaches
will not allow young pitchers to throw pitches which require hard snapping
of the arm - like curve balls).  Throws, however, are quite different; the
small size of children makes them naturals for arts which require falling
down.

*************************************************************
* 5.0 Belief systems
*************************************************************

Some martial arts have philosophical and/or religious roots or
associations, e.g. with Buddhism, Taoism, or ?.  Thus, it is natural
for people who are considering a particular art to wonder if it is
compatible with their own philosophy or religion.

Normally it is not considered ethical for an Instructor to try to impose
his own views on his students.  However, the philosophical aspects of
some arts may still be present in the required training to the extent
that some potential students would be offended by it.  As with so many
other aspects of martial arts, it depends on the art and even more heavily
on the instructor.  So, be sure to watch for this aspect when you visit
a school that you are interested in.  Have a conversation with the
instructor about it, and watch how he/she interacts with his/her students.

*************************************************************
* 6.0 Rankings/Color belt systems
*************************************************************

Many arts have a ranking system.  A typical ranking from beginner to
most experienced master is: 10th gup, 9th gup, ..., 2nd gup, 1st gup,
1st dan, 2nd dan, ..., 10th dan.  "gup" (or "kup") is Korean for grade.
"Dan" ranks will typically wear a black belt.

That being said, do not put too much stock in rankings, and put even less
in belt color.  Belt colors are HIGHLY dependent on the art, school, and
instructor.  Some arts don't have any belts.  Some have only white and
black.  Some have white, brown, and black.  Some have a rainbow.  Some
instructors hand out rank/belts like candy, others are very stingy.  A
given color will frequently signify different ranks in different arts.

Rather than rank or belt color, what will determine an individual's skill
are how long and how intensely they have studied, the quality of
instruction they have received, and (to a lesser extent) their "natural" ability.

A brief history of gup/kyu/dan (kyu is the Japanese equivalent of gup)
ranking systems and belts, originally contributed by Steve Gombosi, follows:

Before Jigoro Kano founded Judo, there was no kyu/dan ranking system in the martial arts.
Kano borrowed it from the game of Go when he awarded "shodan" to two of his senior students
(Saito and Tomita) in 1883. Even then, there was no external
differentiation between yudansha (dan ranks) and mudansha (those who hadn't
yet attained dan ranking). Kano apparently began the custom of having his
yudansha wear black obis in 1886. These obis weren't the belts karateka and
judoka wear today - Kano hadn't invented the judogi (uniform) yet, and his
students were still practicing in kimono. They were the wide obi still worn
with formal kimono. In 1907, Kano introduced the modern gi and its modern
obi, but he still only used white and black.

Karateka in Okinawa didn't use any sort of special uniform at all in the
old days. The kyu/dan ranking system, and the modern karategi (modified judogi)
were first adopted by Karate-do founder G.Funakoshi in an effort to encourage
karate's acceptance by the Japanese. He awarded the first "shodan" ranks given
in karate to Tokuda, Otsuka, Akiba, Shimizu, Hirose, Gima, and Kasuya on April
10, 1924. The adoption of the kyu/dan system and the adoption of a standard
uniform based on the judogi were 2 of the 4 conditions which the Dai-Nippon
Butokukai required before recognizing karate as a "real" martial art. If
you look at photographs of Okinawan karateka training in the early part of
this century, you'll see that they were training in their everyday clothes,
or (!) in their underwear.

Most Korean arts have ranking/belt color systems that were adopted from the
Japanese arts.

*************************************************************
* 7.0 Korean martial arts glossary
*************************************************************

A Summary of Korean Terminology for TaeKwonDo
compiled by Brad Appleton (bradapp@enteract.com)
[with minor edits by Ray Terry]

   Introduction
   ============

   This document is an attempt to compile a list of Korean terminology
   used in the study of TaeKwonDo.  In years past, the terminology used
   was based upon Chinese.  Since then however, most styles have "upgraded"
   to use a more "modern" Korean terminology that is more "in sync" with
   the semantics of the Korean language.  Wherever possible, I have tried
   to use this "new" (more modern) terminology.  [older terms appear in
   brackets{}.]

   Obviously, the Korean language is not written using the Roman alphabet,
   so all the spellings you see here are mere approximations and will not
   necessarily be the same spellings that some of you are used to seeing.

   Counting to 10 in Korean
   ========================

        1    hanah
        2    dool
        3    set
        4    net
        5    dasot
        6    yosot (pronounced more like "yawsot")
        7    ilgop
        8    yodol (sort of like "yawdol")
        9    ahop
        10  yool (or "yeol" or "yol")

   The stress in "hanah", "dasot", and "yosot" is on the first syllable,
   in "ilgop", "yodol", and "ahop" on the second.  In counting cadence in
   TaeKwonDo, this is so emphasized that the other syllable frequently
   almost disappears (e.g., "han", "das", "yos", "lgop", "hop", etc.).

   The Korean names for 1st-10th
   =============================

   These are not cardinal numbers (first, second, etc.).  They are another
   numbering system.  The numbers hanah, dool, etc. are most frequently
   used when you're talking about something that's counted; il, i, etc.
   for other things (which usually correspond to cardinal numbers). For
   example, a first degree black belt would be an "il dan".

   These numbers are:

        1    il ("eel")
        2    i ("ee")
        3    sam ("sahm")
        4    sa ("sah")
        5    o ("oh")
        6    ryuk ("yook")
        7    chil
        8    pal
        9    ku
       10   ship

   The final 'l' in "chil" and "pal" isn't rounded, like an American 'l' ....
   it's a much shorter sound, sort of like the initial 'l' in "let", but
   even shorter.  It's not like the 'l' in "ball".

   When pronouncing the word "ship", you MUST NOT emphasize the "sh" sound.
   It's almost more like "sip" with a sort of a lisp.  If you pronounce it
   like "sh" in "shell", you will be talking about sexual intercourse.

Other Korean Terminology
==================== 

  Stances

        sohgi                 stance
        {cha see              stance}
        anjun sohgi           sitting stance
        ap sohgi              walking stance
        ap kubi               front bent knee stance
        {chungul chasee       frong bent knee stance}
        bom sohgi             cat stance
        chagi sohgi           kicking stance
        dwi kubi              back stance
        {hugul chasee         back stance}
        juchoom sohgi         horse stance
        {keema chasee         horse stance}
        kima sohgi            riding stance
        mot sohgi             fighting stance
        onnoon sohgi          sitting stance
        kibon junbi sohgi     ready stance
        dong yuk sohgi        dynamic stance
        cha yun sohgi         natural stance

   Directions/Motions

        oo                    right
        joa                   left
        ap                    front
        an                    inner
        bakkat                outer
        baro                  reverse
        bitureo               twisting
        dwi                   back
        gamya                 stepping
        uro                   moving in a particular direction
                              (e.g. "ap uro gamya" - stepping forward)
        anuro                 inward
        bakuro                outward
        twim yah              jumping
        dollyo                turning
        dora                  to turn
        dolmyo                spinning
        mee kul myu           sliding

   Kicks

        chagi                 kick (or snap kick)
        cha olligi            stretching kick
        ap chagi              front kick
        bandal chagi          45' roundhouse kick
        pyojuk chagi          crescent kick
        dwi chagi             back kick
        dollyo chagi          roundhouse kick
        bandae dollyo chagi   reverse round kick ("hook kick")
        dwi dollyo chagi      hook kick (back round kick)
        nakko chagi           hooking kick
        naeryo chagi          ax kick
        an chagi              inside ax kick
        bakkat chagi          outside ax kick
        yup chagi             side kick
        bitureo chagi         twisting kick
        mireo chagi           push kick
        twio chagi            jump kick
        {ea dan chagi         jump kick}
        huryo chagi           thrashing kick

   Hand Attacks

        chirugi               punch
        chigi                 strike
        {kongkyuk             attack}
        sonnal                knife-edge
        joomok                fist
        doong joomuk          back fist
        yup joomuk            side fist
        me joomuk             hammer fist
        sanbadak chigi        palmhand strike
        sontong chigi         backhand strike
        sonnal mok chigi      overhead knife-edge strike
        doo bun chirugi       double punch
        sae bun chirugi       triple punch
        kwon su chirugi       spearfinger thrust
        sonkut chirugi        finger thrust
        sewo chirugi          vertical punch
        dollyo chirugi        round punch
        dwijubo chirugi       upset punch
        olliyo chirugi        upward punch
        bandae chirugi        front punch
        baro chirugi          reverse front punch

   Blocks

        makki                 block
        bakkat makki          outer forearm block
        an makki              inner forearm block
        hecho makki           double forearm block
        anuro makki           inward block
        bakuro makki          outward block
        arae makki            low block
        gutjha makki          nine-shaped block
        daebi makki           guarding block
        cho kyo makki         rising block
        olgul makki           high block
        momtong makki         middle block
        sonnal makki          knife-edge block
        wesanteul makki       mountain block

   Commands

        charrot               attention
        junbi                 ready
        dorah                 about face
        elosoh                stand
        keuman                stop
        gooky a hyanghayoh    face the flag
        hai san               class dismissed
        jonglee               line up
        kyenyae               bow
        anja                  sit
        pah ro                return to ready position
        pal bah kwah          switch your stance (switch sides)
        koo ryung op see      in your own time
        seijak                begin
        shiuh                 relax

   Body Parts

        arae                  lower body (low section)
        {ha dan               lower body}
        bahl                  feet
        dahlee                leg
        eep                   mouth
        palkup                elbow
        gi                    ear
        joomok                fist
        ko                    nose
        mok                   neck
        molee                 head
        momtong               middle body (middle section)
        {choong dan           middle body}
        mooloop               knee
        myung chi             solar plexus
        noon                  eye
        ouka                  shoulder
        pahl                  arm
        palmak                forearm
        sonn                  hand
        olgul                 face & head high
        {san dan              face & head high}

  Sparring

        kyorugi               (free) sparring
        {daeryun              sparring}
        hanbeon kyorugi       one step sparring
        {il sooshik daeryun   one step sparring}
        doobeon kyorugi       two step sparring
        {yi sooshik dayryun   two step sparring}
        sebeon kyorugi        three step sparring
        {sahm sooshik daeruyn three step sparring}
        anja kyorugi          sitting position sparring
        tzalbeun-khal kyorugi knife sparringk
        ban ja yu kyorugi     semi free sparring

   Miscellaneous

        danjang               fix
        dhee                  belt
        dobok                 uniform
        dojang                school (house of discipline)
        gup                   grade
        dan                   degree
        jang                  a page (similar to a page)
        joncha                every one
        kihap                 yell
        kahm sa ham nee da    thank you
        jer maenyo            (you're) welcome
        mukyum                meditation
        onyonghe asayo        hello
        onyonghe gasayo       goodbye
        pil sung              certain victory
        poomsae               form (pronounced "poom-say")
        hyung                 form
        sah bum nim           master (or senior instructor)
        jung sin yuk          mental strength (martial art spirit)
        yung suk              combination
        Tai Geuk Gi           the Korean flag

*************************************************************
* 8.0 Bibliography
*************************************************************

   The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia: Tradition, History,
   Pioneers_.  Corcorn/Farkas.  Pro-Action Publishing.
   ISBN Number:  0-9615126-3-6

 

   Go Rin No Sho---The Book of the Five Rings_.  Miyamoto Musashi
  

   Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts_.  Draeger & Smith
   Publisher: Kodansha International ISBN Number: 0-87011-436-0
   ISBN Number in Japan: 4-7700-0913-5

 

   The Art Of War_.  Sun Tzu
  

  Zen in the Art of Archery_.  Eugen Herrigel

 

   The Bible of Karate: Bubishi_.  translated with commentary by
   Patrick McCarthy.

 

   Okinawan Karate_.  Mark Bishop

 

   The Student's Handbook_.  Frederick Lovret

 

   Zen in the Martial Arts_.  Joe Hyams

 

   The Martial Artist's Book of Five Rings_.  Translation by Hanshi

   Steve Kaufman, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., 1994.

 

   Hwarang Do_. 3 volumes, Dr. Joo Bang Lee

 

   Moo Duk Kwan_. 2 volumes, Richard Chun

 

   The Fighting Weapons of Korean Martial Arts_.  In Hyuk Suh

 

   The Hapkido Bible_.  Dr. He-Young Kimm

 

   Hapkido II_.  Dr. He-Young Kimm

 

   Han Mu Do_.  Dr. He-Young Kimm

 

   Hapkido: Korean art of self-defense_.  Bong Soo Han

 

   Korean Hapkido_.  Kwang Sik Myung

 

   Hapkido: Korean Art of Self-defense_.  Scott Shaw

 

   Hapkido: The Integrated Fighting Art_.  Robert Spear

 

   Tae Kwon Do: Secrets of Korean Karate_.  S.Henry Cho

 

   Taekwondo Text Book_.  Kukkiwon

 

   Background Readings in Tae Kwon Do & Martial Arts_.  Daeshik Kim

 

   History of Moo Duk Kwan_.  Hwang Kee

 

   Soo Bahk Do Tang Soo Do_. 2 volumes, Hwang Kee

 

   Taekwon-Do_.  Hong Hi Choi

 

   A Guide to Korean Characters_. Grant

*************************************************************
* 9.0 Sources of electronic information
*************************************************************

For those on the World Wide Web, see the URL:

    http://MartialArtsResource.com

Korean Martial Arts Mailing List:

Do you practice Korean martial arts?  e.g. SinMoo Hapkido, Tang Soo Do,
HwaRang Do, Kuk Sool Won, Taekwondo, TaekKyon, Hapkido, Soo Bahk Do, Kumdo,
Yudo, Ship Pal Ki, Yu Sool, Kong Soo Do, Kung Jung Moo sool, HaeDong Kumdo,
Kyuktooki, Hanmudo, etc.

Come practice with us at the "The_Dojang", 11 years of continuous operation.

The_Dojang is a 2000 member e-mail distribution list for the discussion
of Korean martial arts.

The list is managed by "Mailman".  To subscribe to The_Dojang
go to the URL;

    http://the-dojang.net

Brought to you by the Martial Arts Resource, MartialArtsResource.com.

Pil Seung!

*************************************************************
* 10.0 Sources of equipment and material
*************************************************************

Academy of Karate Martial Arts Supplies
405 Black Horse Pike
Haddon Heights, NJ 08035
609-547-5445

Asian World of Martial Arts
917-21 Arch St.
Philadelphia, PA  19107
215-925-0459

BLT Supply Inc.
35-01 Queens Boulevard
Long Island City, N.Y. 11101-1720
(718) 392-5671 or (800)-322-2860 FAX:(718) 392-5705
Mail Order * Retail * Wholesale

Bugei Trading Company
http://www.bugei.com

California S and P Inc.
10545-B San Pablo Ave.; El Cerrito, CA 94530; USA
415-527-6032

Century Martial Art Supply, Inc.
1705 National Blvd.; Midwest City, OK 73110; USA
800-654-4701

Chris Nickolas American Arts Karate
Martial arts supplies (wholesale/retail)
4858 S. Main St.
Akron, Ohio 44319
216-645-0818
Internet: mark.juszczec@bellhow.com

Defense Arts, Inc.
P.O. Box 1028; Smyrna, GA 30081; USA
404-434-0370

East West Markets Exchange, Inc.
5533 North Broadway; Chicago, IL 60640; USA
312-878-7711

Far East Books
2029 North Park St.
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada  B3K 4B2
902-422-8142  FAX 902-422-1998
Internet fareast@fox.nstn.ca
Chinese Martial Arts, Religions, and Healing Disciplines; catalogue
available

Honda Martial Arts Supply Co.
120 W. 30th St.; New York, NY 10010; USA
800-USA-NYNY or 212-563-6688

I & I Sports
1524 W. 178th St.
Gardena, CA  90248
310-715-6800

Inter Sports
1 Bon Ji. Ulchiro 7-ga
(under the Baseball stadium)
Chung-gu, Seoul, Korean
82-2-2237-2236
FAX: 82-2-2237-2238

Kim Pacific Trading Company
4141 Business Center Drive
800-227-0500

Kiyota Company
2326 North Charles St.; Baltimore, MD 21219; USA
800-783-2232 or 410-366-8275

Martial Arts Supplies Co., Inc.
10711 Venice Blvd.; Los Angles, CA 90034-6294; USA
213-870-9866

Macho Products
10045 102nd Terrace
Sebastian, FL 32978
800-327-6812
e-mail macho@bb.iu.net

Moo Sool Sa 
1 Bon Ji. Ulchiro 7-ga
Dongdaemun Football Stadium
Chung-gu, Seoul, Korea
82-2-2237-9991
FAX: 82-2-2237-9993
http://www.martialarts.co.kr
e-mail: moosool@chollian.dacom.co.kr

Musashi Martial Arts
1842 S. Grand Ave.; Santa Ana, CA 92705; USA
714-557-4274

PAIS Enterprises
P.O. Box 518, Miliken Post Office; Milliken, Ontario, LOH 1K0, CANADA
416-299-8168

S & P of New York Budo, Inc.
P.O. Box 2; Depew, NY 14043; USA
716-681-7911

Saghafi Enterprises
1604 Niagara Falls Blvd.; Tonawanda, NY 14150; USA
716-832-3322

Sang Moo Sa
16631 Bellflower Blvd.
Bellflower, CA  90706
800-346-3116

Top Brands
Box 51331; New Orleans, LA 70151; USA
504-522-4540

World-Wide Martial Arts Supply
P.O. Box 3132
Bethlehem, PA  18017
martial.arts@corp-reflection.com
http://www.corp-reflection.com/dojo/index.html

*************************************************************
* 11.0 Different Korean arts and styles
*************************************************************

Important note:  This information is true to the best of the knowledge
of the author.  Not all will agree with some, perhaps even most, of what
follows.

Gicheon Mun was brought out into the public during the 1960's but has
not spread. The difficulty and length of classes discourage many as does
the effort required to reach proficiency. In one sense the name means,
Gateway to Heavenly Energy. Gicheon Mun practitioners are trying to
develop their inner energy in accordance with principles of universal
balance in hope that they can achieve harmonious lives. Younger
practitioners seem to enjoy the powerful and brutal fighting techniques.

Description:
Beginners focus on learning to adopt very extreme stances, built on the
principles of developing strength and tenacity from Yok Geun. This
technique is one of opening joints to their maximum range of motion and
holding them open for ever longer periods of time. Harmonized muscular
development is a primary goal in Gicheon and much attention is paid to
safe, facilitating warm-ups. Total body conditioning and strength is
required to progress.

Intermediate students move on to a variety of forms and drills (solo or
partner) for unarmed, sword, and staff skills. Progress is slow and
always routed in the gradual expansion of application of the basic
techniques. The art prides itself on efficiency and effectiveness, both
in combat and in developing health.

The most striking thing about Gicheon is the means of generating power
and the tactics for employing that power effectively.

Training:
Training involves demanding stance work, solo drills and study of forms.
Free sparring is generally not done based on philosophical reasons.
Students are expected to learn and demonstrate multiple interpretations
and applications for the basic principles in addition to discovering
their own.

An Online Resource:

http://www.kichun.co.kr

Hai Dong Gumdo (Korean Swordsmanship - Hai Dong refers to the light
energy at dawn over the East Sea, and was also the Chinese way of
referring to the Korean Peninsula) draws its techniques from many areas.
Most commonly referenced of course is the Muyedotobongi although this is
less an influence than the martial arts of Gicheon Mun and Shimgumdo.
While sourced in many disparate traditions, the art is elegantly refined
into one cohesive and systematically presented pathway to mastery of the
sword. The underpinnings of the art are based in the ancient Koguryo
Kingdom of the 3rd to 6th century, primarily the emphasis on a rigid
code of ethics. The techniques are clearly the result of dedicated and
serious attempts to make the style effective, functional, and accessible
to modern students.

Description:

Students begin with swords from the first day of practice and are
expected to work hard to build up the level of fitness required for
regular swordwork. The beginner will start with a wooden sword
(mog-gom). Intermediate students will generally be asked to begin
practice with a metal training sword (ka-gum) to prepare for the weight,
balance and danger of using live weapons after first dan. The average
weight of a mog-gom is 300 grams. The average weight of a ka-gum is 900
grams. Real swords (jin-gom) vary in weight by style and fittings but
average at 1.1 or 1.2 kg.

For the most part only dan ranks practice cutting objects. Typical
objects to employ in cutting drills are bamboo poles and rice stalk
sheaves. Bamboo simulates cutting bone while the sheaves simulate flesh.
Sometimes the two are combined. In addition to cutting static objects, a
skilled cutter must be capable of slicing thrown objects.

Classes are quite formal with dedication and serious intent being vital.
The art itself is very circular and flowing. Students must learn to
develop speed and accuracy in harmony with timed releases of power.
Sophisticated means of power generation keep the art challenging as each
level brings new refinements and means to the same ends.

Generally, there is no sparring unless certain conditions are met. At
present (2003) some parts of Korea are trying to develop competitive
rules using the bamboo sword and a newly developed form of full-body
armour. This movement is being met with mixed reactions. Old style
sparring was unarmoured, non-contact with moggum, light contact with
fist, elbow, knee, palm and foot. Some schools supported a full contact
form of sparring with the bamboo sword, either armoured or not. It will
take some time for the Federation as a whole to either embrace or
discard formal sparring rules for competition. For the most part, the
idea of competition is antithetical to the principles of the art.

Training:

Training involves working on basics, solo drills and study of forms
(gom-bub). Haidong Gumdo students must learn a substantial number of
forms as they progress. In addition to the forms there are key-point
drills, solo and partner drills, breath-based meditation of various
forms, basic and intermediate self-defense training, as well as soft and
hard object cutting. A student will learn basic and effective methods to
counter punches and kicks, will learn tumbling and safe falling
practices as well as gain an understanding of basic punches and kicks as
well. At higher levels, access to a more complete unarmed curriculum is
possible, depending on the instructor. Classes generally last for an
hour and focus on perfection of stances and power generation while in
motion. Individual practice time is often provided after the lesson.

Some Online Resources:

http://www.hdgd.org.com (English now available)
http://www.stormpages.com/haidonggumdo
http://www.geomdo.org
http://www.turtlepress.com

An Offline Resource for speakers of Korean:

WORLD HAIDONG GUMDO FEDERATION.
211-1, Neugpyumg-ri, Opo-up, Gwangju City, Gyunggi-do, Korea 464-892
Tel:031-714-4471~2 Fax:031-715-5433

 

11.10) Hwa Rang Do

Intro: Hwa Rang Do is a comprehensive, modern, eclectic martial arts
system encompassing unarmed combat, weaponry, internal training and healing
techniques.

Origin:    Korea

History:
In March 1942, the founder of Hwa Rang Do, Dr. Joo Bang Lee and
his brother, Joo Sang Lee were introduced to the Buddhist monk Suahm Dosa
by their father, who was a personal friend of the monk, and they began
their formal training aged 5 & 6.

The brothers lived and trained as students under the monk on
the weekends and during school vacations and also trained in other
martial arts when they were unable to train under Suahm Dosa.  Influences
includes Boxing, Yudo, Komdo, and Kongsoodo.  In addition, the Lee
brothers studied Hapkido under GM Choi Yong Sool.

In April 1960 Dr. Joo Bang Lee claims to have created his martial art by
combining Suham Dosa's techniques with the other systems he had trained.
He choose the name Hwa Rang Kwan to describe his system and this also
is thought to be the first time that Hwa Rang was used in connection
with unarmed Korean martial arts.

Since there is no way of knowing if the techniques Suahm Dosa taught the
brothers actually was the martial art of the Silla Hwa Rang, or another
form of monk martial art, Dr. Joo Bang Lee says he wanted to "combine
the spirit and philosophy of the Hwa Rang with his martial arts knowledge".

In 1962, the Lee Brother's founded the Korean Martial Arts Association
(Han Kuk Mu Sul Hwe - shortened name Kuk Sul Hwe).  Due to various
conflicts within the leadership of the Korean Martial Arts Association
it was disbanded in 1966 and its original members started their own
respective organizations.

Following this dissolution, Dr. Joo Bang Lee concentrated his efforts
solely on the development of his own martial arts system.  He called it Hwa
Rang Do, "The Way of the Flowering Manhood".

In 1968, Head Grandmaster Joo Sang Lee taught Hapkido and Hwa Rang Do in
the USA.  Dr. Joo Bang Lee became the system's "Supreme Grandmaster" upon
Suahm Dosa's death in 1969.  He immigrated to the USA in 1972 and later
founded the World Hwa Rang Do Association.  Today  World Hwa Rang Do
Association is headquartered in Downey, California (USA).  Joo Sang Lee is
no longer involved with JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do.

Kim, Myung Man of Australia also independently named his art Hwa Rang Do.
Kim Myung Man's teaching are based on his training in Chang Moo Kwan and
his training with the military.  As with JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do, Kim's material
is a derivative of Hapkido, has a focus on full-power fighting techniques,
covert skills and Ki cultivation.

Description:  JB Lee's Hwa Rang Do is a combination of UM (soft/circular
movement) and YANG (hard/linear movement), making it a very diversified
and comprehensive martial art.  The Mu Sul (martial aspects) of Hwa Rang Do
can be further explained in four distinct - though interconnecting - paths
of study.

NAE GONG - deals with developing, controlling, and directing one's Ki,
or internal energy force, through breathing and meditation exercises in
conjunction with specific physical techniques. Due to the exercises'
internal nature, they demand patience and concentration.

WAE GONG - Wae gong includes more than 4000 offensive and defensive
combative applications.  Combining elements predominantly tense and
linear in nature with those soft and circular, these techniques mesh to
form a natural fighting system.  This phase includes full instruction in
all hand strikes and blocks (trapping and grabbing as well as deflection
applications, using the hands, wrist, forearm, elbows, arms and
shoulders), 365 individual kicks, throws and falls from any position and
onto any surfaces, human anatomical structure as it pertains to combat
applications (knowing and utilizing the body's weak points to
effectively control the opponent, regardless of their size), joint
manipulation and breaking, finger pressure-point application, prisoner
arrest, control and transport, grappling applications, forms, offensive
choking and flesh-tearing techniques, defense against multiple
opponents, breaking techniques, counter-attacks, and killing techniques.

MOO GI GONG - involves the offensive and defensive use of the over 108
traditional weapons found within 20 categories of weaponry.  By learning
these various weapon systems, the practitioner can most effectively
utilize any available object as a weapon as the situation demands.

SHIN GONG - is the study, development, and control of the human mind in
order to attain one's full potential and mental capabilities.  Techniques
are taught to achieve an increase in one's total awareness, focus, and
concentration levels.

Included are instruction in : controlling one's mind; development of the
"sixth sense"; memory recall; the study of human character and
personalities; practical psychology; visualization; the art of
concealment and stealth as utilized by special agents (Sulsa); as well
as advanced, secretive applications.

Hwa Rang Do teaches both the martial art (mu-sul) and healing art
(in-sul).  If one is able to injure or worse, then he/she should know how
to heal as well, once again maintaining harmony through balance of
opposites.  The In Sul aspects (the study of the Oriental Healing Arts)
of Hwa Rang Do are every bit as complex and demanding as the study of
Occidental Medicine. First aid applications, revival techniques are
taught in conjunction with the traditional full studies of acupuncture,
acupressure, herbal and natural medicines, and bone setting.

Training: A typical training session includes Meditation (beginning and
end of class).  Total body stretching and warm-up exercises. Basic
punching and kicking practice.  Ki power exercises. "Basic-8" combination
drills (which vary by belt rank).  Two-man countering techniques (vary by
belt rank).  Open session which may include: sparring, tumbling,
grappling, sweeps, or advanced techniques. Self-defense techniques. Cool
down exercises.  Hwa Rang Do code of ethics.

For additional information on Master JB Lee's HwaRangDo:

World Hwa Rang Do Association
8200 E. Firestone Blvd.
Downey, CA 90241
(562) 861-0111

Sub-styles:  Michael DeAlba's Modern Hwa Rang Do

11.12) Kuk Sool Won

Intro:

Kuk Sool Won is a comprehensive system of the traditional Korean
martial arts; it is not a 'style' of martial art per se.  It incorporates
aspects of different martial arts, including Hapkido and Ship Pal Gi.

Origin:    Korea

History:

In 1910, Japan dismantled the Korean Royal Court armies as a part
of their occupation of the Korean peninsula.  The practice of any Korean
martial art was prohibited and martial arts weapons were confiscated. One
of those who went into hiding was Master Instructor Suh Myuhng Duk. He
started training his grandson, Suh In Hyuk at the age of 5 and continued to
train with him until his untimely death during the Korean War. Suh In Hyuk
had letters of introduction, though, and continued to train with other
practitioners of traditional Korean MAs. One teacher, Hai Dong Seu Nym,
instructed Suh in special types of breathing exercises, meditation
techniques and ki skills. Another very influential teacher was Hapkido's
Choi Yong Sool.

In the 1960's Suh In Hyuk organized the martial arts he had learned and
produced a system he called Kuk Sool. He associated it as Kuk Sool Won
in 1961. In 1974 Suh In Hyuk came to the US. He established the World Kuk Sool
Association Headquarters in 1975 in San Francisco; later moved to Houston, Texas.

Description:

Kuk Sool Won is a comprehensive system of Korean martial arts.  
It includes joint-locking, grappling, sparring, throwing techniques,
forms training, falling principles, pressure point striking, accupressure
and acupuncture, hand striking, leg techniques, acrobatics, body
conditioning, animal-style techniques, weapons, internal energy systems,
meditation and breathing techniques.

URLs:  www.kuksoolwon.com

11.13) Kumdo

Intro:      A popular sport in Japanese and Korean communities.

Origin:     Japan

History:

Kumdo (Kendo in Japan) is the sport and competitive form of the Japanese art
of Kenjutsu.  Kumdo has been practiced for a long time in one form or another.

Description:

The practitioners wear protective armor and use simulated swords (split
bamboo called "shinai") to "spar" against one another.  Strike areas are
limited as are moves.  It is a very formal art.  It is linear, hard, and external.

Training:

Training mostly consists of two-person drills, basics, and some kata that
have been retained from kenjutsu between individuals.

11.14) Soo Bahk Do

Intro:      A traditional Korean unarmed martial art. Soo (hand) Bahk (strike 
or educated) Do (way or road).  A hard/soft classical art with powerful kicking techniques.

Origin:     Korea

History:   Soo Bahk as Soo Bahk Hi / Soo Bahk Ki is mentioned often
throughout ancient korean history when martial arts are mentioned. Most
specifically in the Moo Ye Do Bo Tong Ji (Military Arts Manual) which was
writen in the 1700's. During the Japanese occupation of Korea GM Hwang Kee
after learning a bit of TaekKyon left Korea for China where he was
able to study Chinese Gung Fu. In 1945 he returned to Korea and opened
his scool called Moo Duk Kwan (Institude of Martial Virtue) calling the art Hwa
Soo Do (way of the flowering hand) do to lack of a name for his art. When he
had extreme difficulty attracting students he reopened his school as Tang
Soo Do after gaining the permission of other Seoul instructors using that
term. He rapidily found success. In 1957 Hwang Kee found the Moo Ye Do
Bo Tong Ji in the Ministry of Transportation library. In it was described what
GM Hwang claimed was the martial art of Soo Bahk Hi.

In 1961 he reincorperated the Korean Tang Soo Do Association as the
Korean Soo Bahk Do Association. The Moo Duk Kwan being the first member
school to join and the Ji Do Kwan which had taught it's art as
Kong Soo Do was the next member school to join. These two schools
together comprised over 70% of students with Dan ranking in Korea
at that time. By about 1964 most students had left the Korean Soo Bahk
Do Association. The Ji Do Kwan founder also quit, leaving Moo Duk Kwan as
the only remaining school. Over a period of time instructors where sent over
seas. Due to the two names many American servicemen had been taught (Tang
Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do) many other countries had the art introduced as Tang
Soo Do.

Description: Soo Bahk Do is a hard soft style with powerful kicking
techniques similar to Tae Kwon Do. It does make greater use of the hands
however. Students are encouraged to be "warriors" but to also be
scholars. Students are expected to learn korean terminology and history as
well as encourgaed to learn beyond these areas. As a classical Martial arts
there is relatively little competion to the point of almost none in some
areas. A unique aspect of Soo Bahk Do is also the fact that "Black Belts"
don't wear black but Midnight Blue instead. The theory is that black is
infinate and therefore perfect and as one can never be perfect the Dans wear
blue to siginify that imptovemnet is always possible. The emphasis in Soo
Bahk Do is on Physical, Spiritual and Mental well being as well as self
defense. Students practice forms, sparring and self defense techniques
similar to those in Aikido. Dan level students learn to defend against knives
and short staves.

Influences:  Northern chinese, due to GM Hwang Kee's studies in China.
Okinawan, GM Hwang Kee utilized Okinawan Forms learned from a book
wriiten by Funakoshi.

URLs: www.soobahkdo.com, www.soobahkdo.org

11.15) Taekwondo

Intro:    One of the most popular sports and martial arts in the world.  Often
characterized by its fast, high, and powerful spinning kicks.  Tae = Foot,
Kwon = Fist, Do = Way.

Origin:   Korea

History:

After fifty years of occupation by Japan (which ended in 1945) and after
the division of the nation by the Korean War, Korean nationalism spurred
the creation of a national art in the 1950s.  Combining the styles of
numerous Kwans active within the country since 1945, the name Taekwondo
was eventually settled upon and began being used throughout S.Korea
about 1964.  Names frequently used prior to that were Tang Soo Do, Kong
Soo Do, Kwon Bup, Hwa Soo Do, and Tae Soo Do.  The name Taekwondo was
apparently selected because of its similarity with the name Taek-kyon, a
martial art native to Korea.

The kwans, or schools, previously mentioned that were
most involved were: 

Brief Taekwondo Bibliography:

 

"Korean Martial Sports" - Willy Pieter - 1994 - Journal of Asian Martial Arts

 

"Korean Hwarang and Japanese Samuray" - willy Pieter - 1984 - Olympic
  Scientific Congress (Schors-Verlag 1985)

 

"Etymological notes on the terminology of some Korean martial arts" - Willy
  Pieter - 1981 - Asian Journal of Physical Education.

 

"Interview with Master Park Jung Tae" - Paul Clifton - 1990 - Combat (November
 issue)

 

"Instructors Profile: GM Park Jung Tae" - Dan & Katie Preuss - 1994 -
 TKD Times, December

 

"The flower boys of Silla" - R. Rutt - 1961 - Transactions of the Korean Branch
  of the Royal Asiatic Society.

 

"Taekwondo: The Korean art of self defense" - Choi H. H. - 1972 - ITF, Toronto.

 

11.16) Taekwondo Chung Do Kwan

 

Intro:     The original style of "Korean Karate".

 

Origin:    Yong Chun, Seoul, South Korea

 

History:

 

Chung Do Kwan as translated into English is The Gym of the Blue Wave.
This original style of Taekwondo was founded by Grandmaster Won Kuk Lee
in 1944.  GM Lee received training in Shotokan Karate, under its founder
Funakoshi Gichen, while attending law school at Chuo University.  A
direct translation of Shotokan into Korean characters is pronounced as
Song Do Kwan, GM Lee changed the Song character to the Chung character
for the art he taught.  The explanation he gave for this is that in
Korea you do not name your child with your name.  GM Lee first began
teaching an art called Tang Soo Do in a middle school in Seoul.  That
school was closed shortly do to lack of students.  Then in 1945 in a
church GM Lee began to teach again, some of his students were Duk Sung
Son, Woon Kyu Uhm, Jong Myung Hyun, Jae Chun Ko, Jhoon Rhee, and Hyun Ok
Shin.

 

When the Korean War broke out, GM Lee fled to Japan, choosing Son Duk
Sung as his successor.  GM Son was chosen partially because he was the
oldest of the senior students.

 

After the Korean War, many of the older Chung Do Kwan members who served
in the Korean military began opening Tang Soo Do Chung Do Kwan branches.
GM Son was later replaced by GM Uhm Woon Kyo.  GM Uhm still holds this
position today.

 

After moving to the United States, GM Son founded the World Tae Kwon Do
Association.  He later began reusing the name Chung Do Kwan in describing
his version of Taekwondo.

 

Through the years as the Korean martial arts progressed the term used to
refer to Chung Do Kwan had changed from Tang Soo Do to Tae Soo Do, and then
finally to Taekwondo.

 

Description:

 

As Chung Do Kwan is a style of Taekwondo, it follows the same ideas as
Taekwondo as a whole, with specialty techniques being the side kick,
flying side kick, jumping side kick, and later the turn around side
kick/back kick and jumping/flying turn around side/back kick.

Training:

 

All classes in the Chung Do Kwan began with a recitation of the membership
oath lead by the senior student:

 

We as members, train our spirits and bodies according to the strict code
We as members, are united in mutual friendship
We as members, will comply with regulations and obey instructors

 

Then class would begin with basics, followed by forms, and then 1, 3
and/or 5 step training, free sparring and then a formal bow out ceremony.

 

Also additional training was done with the Kwon Go (Makiwara) outside of
class by most students if not all, at some point it was included in the
formal workout, but is not present in Tae Kwon Do training today as it was then.

 

The original set of forms used by the Chung Do Kwan were taken from
Japan ese and Okinawan arts, later they were replaced by the military
Chon Ji set until Gen. Choi left Korea.  At that point the official
forms of the Chung Do Kwan and the other Kwans were the newly created
Palgwes and then finally replaced with the Tae Geuks.  Many Grandmasters
and Masters in the Chung Do Kwan have branched out and are no longer
affiliated with the WTF /Kukkiwon and the Korea Taekwondo Chung Do Kwan,
so many practitioners of the Chung Do Kwan style of Taekwondo know
practice many different forms, including all of the above as well as
others.  The only official current forms of the Korea Taekwondo Chung Do
Kwan are the WTF Tae Geuks.

 

Also of interest is the 30 year old US Chung Do Kwan Association headed
by GM Edward Sell.  The USCDKA has affiliated schools all over the USA
and a few other countries.

 

URLs:           www.uscdka.com

 

11.17) T'aeggyon (aka. Tae Kyun, Tae Kyon, Taek Kyon)

 

Intro: A traditional martial art of Korea.

Origin:      Korea.

 

History:

 

T'aeggyon has been designated as a national treasure of Korea.  Originating
around the start of the nineteenth century, T'aeggyon is often described as
a parent art of the more famous t'aegwondo (aka. Tae Kwon Do, T'aekwondo,
Taekwon-Do).  T'aeggyon, as a traditional Korean martial art, was illegal
during the Japanese Occupation of Korea (1910-1945) and only two masters
were still active at the end of that era.  The most famous of these was
Duk-Ki Song(1893-1987), who repopularized t'aeggyon in the late 1950s.  Renewed
interest in t'aeggyon influenced the development of t'aegwondo, which until
then had closely mirrored its Japanese antecedent of Shotokan karate-do.

 

Description:

 

T'aeggyon is a game that serves to bridge the striking arts and the grappling
arts.  The person who gets the first point wins the bout.  You can earn a
point by:

 

   1.  Kicking the opponent in the head.
   2.  Throwing or sweeping the opponent to the floor.

 

Training:

 

Students learn crescent kicks, roundhouse kicks, and sweeps, as well as
some throws reminiscent of yudo (aka. judo).  Open palm pushes are the
most common hand technique.  Falling is also an important part of
training, including dive rolls, etc.  Students are divided into lower ranks
(ma-dang) and upper ranks (pum).

 

Sub-styles:

 

Practitioners in Pusan apparently allow front thrust kick during sparring.
The Seoul branch (at least those under Ki-Hyun Do) do not allow any thrust
kicks (ie. no front kicks or side kicks).  The Seoul branch also does not
teach any closed fist techniques or pressure point strikes.  Videos of
the Pusan style are available from Robert Young at his Korean Martial
Arts Resource (KMAR) web page.

URL:  www.taekkyon.or.kr/en/
           

 

11.18) Yudo

 

Intro:

 

Yudo is the same as the Japanese art of Judo.  The following is a description
of Judo.

 

Origin:     Japan

 

History:

 

Judo is derived from the Japanese arts of Jujutsu. It was created by Prof.
Jigoro Kano who was born in Japan in 1860 and who died in 1938 after a
lifetime of promoting Judo. Mastering several styles of jujutsu in his
youth Kano began to develop his own system based on modern sports principles.

In 1882 he founded the Kodokan Judo Institute in Tokyo where he began
teaching and which still is the international authority for Judo. The name
Judo was chosen because it means the "gentle way". Kano emphasised the
larger educational value of training in attack and defense so that it could
be a path or way of life that all people could participate in and benefit
from. He eliminated some of the traditional jujutsu techniques and changed
training methods so that most of the moves could be done with full force to
create a decisive victory without injury.

 

The popularity of Judo increased dramatically after a famous contest hosted
by the Tokyo police in 1886 where the Judo team defeated the most
well-known jujutsu school of the time. It then became a part of the
Japanese physical education system and began its spread around the world.
In 1964 men's Judo competition became a part of the Olympics, the only
eastern martial art that is an official medal sport. In 1992 Judo competition
for women was added to the Olympics.

 

Description:

 

Judo is practiced on mats and consists primarily of throws and grappling,
which includes pins, chokes, and armbars. Additional techniques,
including striking and various joint locks are found in the judo katas.
Judo is generally compared to wrestling but it retains its unique combat
forms.  As a daughter to Jujutsu these techniques are also often taught
in Judo classes.

 

Because the founder was involved in education (President of Tokyo
University) Judo training emphasizes mental, moral and character
development as much as physical training.  Most instructors stress the
principles of Judo such as the principle of yielding to overcome greater
strength or size, as well as the scientific principles of leverage,
balance, efficiency, momentum and control.

 

Training:

 

Judo training has many forms for different interests.  Some students
train for competition by sparring and entering the many tournaments that
are available.  Other students study the traditional art and forms (kata)
of Judo.  Other students train for self-defense, and yet other students
play Judo for fun. Black belts are expected to learn all of these aspects
of Judo.

 

Sub-Styles:

 

Because Judo originated in modern times it is organized like other major
sports with one international governing body, the International Judo
Federation (IJF), and one technical authority (Kodokan).  There are several
small splinter groups  (such as the Zen Judo Assoc.) who stress judo as a
"do" or path, rather than a sport.

Unlike other martial arts, Judo competition rules, training methods, and
rank systems are relatively uniform throughout the world.

 

*************************************************************
* 12.0 TaeKwonDo Olympic sparring rules

*************************************************************

Please follow the below link for the latest version of competition rules
as recently adopted by the World Taekwondo Federation.

http://www.wtf.org/site/rules/competition.htm


*************************************************************
* 13.0 Brief History of Korea
*************************************************************

The ancient history of the Korean peninsula can be traced to the Neolithic
Age, when Turkic-Manchurian-Mongol peoples migrated into the region from
China. The first agriculturally based settlements appeared around 6000
B.C.E. Some of the larger communities of this era were established along
the Han-gang River near modern-day Seoul, others near Pyongyang and Pusan.
According to ancient lore, Korea's earliest civilization, known as Choson,
was founded in 2333 B.C.E. by Tan-gun.

In the 17th century, Korea became a vassal state of China and was cut off
from outside contact until the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95. Following
Japan's victory, Korea was granted independence. By 1910 Korea had been
annexed by Japan, which developed the country but never won over the
Korean nationalists who continued to agitate for independence.

After Japan's surrender at the conclusion of World War II, the Korean
peninsula was partitioned into two occupation zones, divided at the 38th
parallel. The U.S.S.R. controlled the north, with the U.S. taking charge
of the south. In 1948, the division was made permanent with the
establishment of the separate regimes of North and South Korea. The
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was established on
May 1, 1948, with Kim Il Sung as president.

Hoping to unify the Koreas under a single Communist government, the
North launched a surprise invasion of South Korea on June 25, 1950. In
the following days, the U.N. Security Council condemned the attack and
demanded an immediate withdrawal.

President Harry S. Truman ordered U.S. air and naval units into action to
enforce the U.N. order. The British government followed suit, and soon a
U.N. multinational command was set up to aid the South Koreans.

The North Korean invaders swiftly seized Seoul and surrounded the allied
forces in the peninsula's southeast corner near Pusan. In a desperate bid
to reverse the military situation, U.N. Commander Gen. Douglas MacArthur
ordered an amphibious landing at Inchon on Sept. 15 and routed the North
Korean army. MacArthur's forces pushed north across the 38th parallel,
approaching the Yalu River.

Prompted by this successful counter-offensive, Communist China entered the
war, forcing the U.N. troops into a headlong retreat. Seoul was lost again,
then regained; ultimately the war stabilized near the 38th parallel but
dragged on for two years while negotiations took place. An armistice was
agreed to on July 27, 1953.

By early 1994 tensions had mounted over international inspection of North
Korea's nuclear sites. Kim Il Sung's death on July 8, 1994 introduced a
period of uncertainty, as his son, Kim Jong-Il assumed the leadership
mantle. Negotiations over the country's suspected atomic weapons dragged
on, but an agreement was reached in June 1995 which included a provision
for providing the North with a South Korean nuclear reactor.

The nuclear crises that characterized the mid-1990s were overshadowed when
famine struck the nation's 24 million inhabitants. Two years of floods were
followed by severe droughts in 1997 and 1998, causing devastating crop
failures. Although international relief programs saved many people, the
situation was still considered serious in 1998, with aid agencies warning
that North Korea's nationalized food distribution program had virtually
shut down, forcing many people to rely on bark and wild plants to sustain
themselves. The severity of the famine continued in 1999. Because of lack
of fuel and machinery parts, and weather conditions that have encouraged
parasites, only 10% of North Korea's rice fields have been worked. Despite
the staggering food crisis, hermetic North Korea remains one of the world's
few remaining hard-line communist regimes.

In Sept. 1998 North Korea launched a test missile over Japan, claiming it
was simply a scientific satellite. This launch alarmed Japan and much of the
rest of the world about North Korea's intentions regarding reentry into the
nuclear arms race. In 1999, North Korea agreed to allow the United States
to conduct ongoing inspections of a suspected nuclear development site,
Kumchangri, which North Korea admits has been devised for "a sensitive
military purpose." In exchange, the U.S. would increase food aid and
initiate a program for bringing potato production to the country.

*************************************************************
14.0 Korean Martial Arts Organizations
*************************************************************

African Taekwondo Union (WTF)
PO Box 61002
Nairobi, Kenya
254-37-41579
American Hapkido Association
157 Cambridge Street
Feeding Hills, Massachusetts 01030
USA
http://www.tiac.net/users/hapkido/aboutus.htm
hapkido@tiac.net

American Taekwondo Association
6210 Baseline Road
Little Rock, Arkansas=A072209
USA
501-568-2821
http://www.taekwondousa.com
atausa1@aristotle.net

 

Asian Taekwondo Union (WTF)
c/o Kyungwon University
San 65 Bokjung-dong, Sujung-gu
Sungnam City
Kyonggi-do 461-701
Korea
82-0342-750-5564

 

American Tang Soo Do Association
388B Eastern Ave
Unit 3
Malden, Massachusetts  02148
USA
781-324-9568
FAX: 781-324-9136
http://www.grandmasterbyrne.com
info@grandmasterbyrne.com

 

British Taekwondo Control Board (WTF)
11 Hassocks Hedge
Banbury Lane
Northampton, United Kingdom NN4-9QA
44-1-604-460800
http://www.btcb.org
kevin.hornsey@btcb.org

 

British United Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)
58 Wiltshire Lane
Eastcote, Pinner
Middleessex, United Kingdom HA5-2LU
0181-429-0878
http://www.butf.com
headoffice@butf.com

 

Canadian International Taekwon-Do Federation
4265 Papineau Ave.
Montreal, Quebec Canada
H2H-1T3

 

Chang Moo Kwan Headquarters
Soon Bae Kim
President of Chang Moo Kwan
#54-14 Sangwangshipri-Dong
Seoul, Republic of Korea
FAX: 82-2-2281-5931

 

Choson Do Society, The
"The Way of the Morning Calm"
Keepers of the Art and System of Choson Do
Michael A. Atamian, Doju
Benson, North Caroline, USA
maakaa@earthlink.net

 

Confederacao Brasileira de Taekwondo (WTF)
Rua Voluntarios da Patria
245-Sobrado
Cep. 22.270-010-Botafogo
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil

 

Deutsche Taekwondo Union (WTF)
Luisenstr. 3
90762 Furth
Germany
49-911-9748888
FAX: 49-911-9748889
http://www.dtu.de
dtu-office@t-online.de

 

European Han Mu Do Association
Udenseweg 8
5405 PA Uden
The Netherlands
31-413-330213
FAX: 31-413-330214
http://www.hanmudo.org

 

European Sin Moo Hapkido Association
Badenerstr. 156 b
800 Zurich, Switzerland
0041-1-242-97 65

 

European Taekwondo Union (WTF)
PO Box 37
7570 AA Oldenzaal
The Netherlands
31-541-536358

 

Federation Francaise de Taekwondo et Disciplines Associees (WTF)
Rue d'Arsonval
69330 Meyzieu
France
33-472-028397
http://www.fftda.fr
pvisco@aol.com

 

Federacion Chilena de Taekwondo (WTF)
Vicuna Mackenna 40 Oficina 12
Santiago, Chile
56-2-6354000
fechita@entelchile.net

 

Federacion Mexicana de Taekwondo, Ltd (WTF)
Calle Incas #12 Altos 29
Entre Peru Y Hondurassalena Mixhuca
Col. Centro
C.P. 06010
Mexico
52-5-5190113

 

World Haidong Gumdo Federation
211-1, Neugpyumg-ri, Opo-up,
Gwangju City, Gyunggi-do, Korea 464-892
Tel:031-714-4471~2 Fax:031-715-5433

 

Hong Kong Taekwondo Association (WTF)
Room 1014, Sports House
1 Stadium Path
So Kon Po, Causeway Bay
Hong Kong, China
852-2-5048116

 

India Taekwondo Federation of India (WTF)
RZ-85, Bhawanl Kunj
Pocket D-2, Vasant Kunj
New Delhi-110070
India
91-11-689-9838
FAX: 91-11-689-9840

 

International Combat Hapkido Federation
22-C New Leicester Hwy. #173
Asheville, NC 28806
USA
828-683-4240
FAX: 828-683-1744
http://www.ichf.com
info@ichf.com

 

International Hapkido Alliance / Australian Hapkido Group
246 George Street
Liverpool NSW 2170
Australia
612-9824-2999
FAX: 612-9824-1767

 

International Hapkido Federation
Kyoung Ki Do
Yong In Sy
Bok Am Myoung
Ka Chang Ri 522-1
Korea
82-31-334-3368
82-31-334-3369
FAX: 82-31-334-4968
http://www.hapkido.or.kr

 

International Hapkido Federation (different from above)
3201 Santa Monica Blvd
Santa Monica, California 90404
USA
310-829-2643
http://www.bongsoohan.com

 

International Hoshin-kido Hapkido Federation
359 A. Des Laurentides, Pont Viau, Laval,
Montreal, (Quebec), Canada
H7G 2T9
FAX: 450-662-2218
http://www.mouseweb.com/hoshinkidohapkido
hoshinkidohapkido@mouseweb.com

 

International Kongshin Hapkido Association
1017 S. Washington St.
Marion, IN 46953

 

International Modern Hapkido Federation
4460 Homestead Drive
Moscow, PA 18444
USA
570-842-1558
FAX: 570-842-3233
http://modernhapkido.org

 

International Taekwondo Academy
Kukkiwon
World Taekwondo Headquarters
635, Yuksam-dong
Kangnam-gu
Seoul 135-080, South Korea
82-2-566-2505
FAX: 82-2-553-4728
http://www.wwf.org
http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/eng/
wtf@wtf.org

 

International Taekwondo Council
3353 Bradshaw Road
Suite 201
Sacramento, California
USA
95827
916-368-1350
http://www.itckarate.com
itchq@pacbell.net

 

International Taekwon-Do Federation
Drau Gasse 3
A-1210 Vienna, Austria
292-8475, 292-5509
http://www.itf-taekwondo.com
http://www.itf-generalchoi.com
itghqvienna@compuserve.com

 

International Tang Soo Do Federation
3955 Monroeville Blvd
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
USA
412-373-8666
FAX: 412-373-5671
http://www.tangsoodo.co.uk

 

Irish Taekwondo Union (WTF)
14 Clontarf Road
Dublin 3
Rep. of Ireland
353-1-8334453
fax 353-1-8334453

 

Japan Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
Daisan-Nisshin Bldg, 12 floor
2-6-4, Shinjuku
Tokyo 160-0022, Japan
81-3-3350-0550

 

Jin Pal Hapkido Martial Arts Federation
1415 Albert St.
Regina, Saskatewan, Canada
S4R2R8
http://www.jinpal.com
tlok@ttlcomp.com

 

Kong Shin Bup International
181 Gore Street
Sault Ste Marie, Ontario,  P6A 1M4
Canada
705-759-4854
http://www.nkmaa.ca
kwanjang@nkmaa.ca

 

KoreAmerica TaeKwon-Do Union (KATU)
441 South Main St. #97
Manchester, Connecticut 06040
USA
860-649-9696
FAX: 860-649-1231
http://www.itf-katu.com

 

Korea Hapkido Association
Se-jong bldg. 202
7-1 Shin-Moon-ro
1-ka. Chong-ro-ku.
Seoul 110-061
Korea
08-02-735-6661
FAX: 08-02-735-6662

 

Korea Hapkido Federation
18-11, Rung-dong
Kwangjin-ku
Seoul 143-847, Korea
2-452-3538
FAX: 2-456-0953

 

Korea Judo Association
Room 504 Olympic Center
88 Oryoon-dong
Songpa-ku
Seoul 138-749, Korea
2-422-0581
judo@sports.or.kr

 

Korea Jungki Hapkido & Guhapdo Association
4th Floor Bek Kwang building
39-14 Samduk 1 Street Chung-Ku
Daegu City, Korea

 

Korea KiDo Association
122-2 Nam Yang Building 3000
Non Hyun Dong
Gangnam-gu
Seoul, Korea
2-540-2156-7
 or in Pusan,
3-35 Shin Chang Dong
Jung Gu
Pusan, Korea
51-246-4277

 

Korea Kumdo Association
Room 505 Olympic Center
88 Oryoon-dong
Songpa-ku
Seoul 138-749, Korea
2-420-4258-9

 

Korea Ssireum Organization
634-10 Yundang Builing, Sinsa-dong
Gangnam-gu
Seoul 135-120, Korea
2-3446-1144

 

Korea Seoul City Mapooku Tae Kwon Do Association
2-717-6565
2-274-0541

 

Korean Soo Bahk Do Association
59-3 Nahnyoung-dong
Yongsahn-goo
Seoul 140-160, Korea
2-794-0809

Korea Taekwondo Association
Room 607 Olympic Center
88 Oryoon-dong
Songpa-ku
Seoul 138-749, Korea
2-420-4271
http://www.koreataekwondo.org

 

Korea Traditional Taekkyon Association
Chungju, Korea
0441-845-1784

Korea Tae Kwon Do Moo Duk Kwan Association
195-1 Mapo-dong
Mapo-gu
Seoul, Korea
02-2274-0541
02-706-0541
FAX: 02-717-6565

Korea Taekkyon Association
#629-15 Shinsa-dong
Kangnam-gu
Seoul, Korea
82-2-516-2707
82-2-511-2559
FAX: 82-2-542-3539
taekkyon@hanmir.com
http://www.taekkyon.or.kr/en/

Korea TangSooDo MooDukKwan Society
475 W. Silver Star Road
Ocoee, Florida 34761
USA
407-654-0555
Haemukwan@aol.com

Kukkiwon
World Taekwondo Headquarters
635, Yuksam-dong
Kangnam-gu
Seoul 135-080, Korea
82-2-566-2505
FAX: 82-2-553-4728
http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/eng/
http://www.wrf.org
wtf@wtf.org

National Korean Martial Arts Association
181 Gore Street
Sault Ste Marie, Ontario,  P6A 1M4
Canada
705-759-4854
http://www.nkmaa.ca
kwanjang@nkmaa.ca

National Tang Soo Do Federation
PO Box 26265
Dayton, Ohio 45426
USA
937-268-6472
240-461-5555
HQ@nationaltangsoofederation@hotmail.com

New Zealand Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
P.O.Box 14-540
Panmure, Auckland
New Zealand
64-9-570-9228
FaX: 64-9-570-4311

Pan American Taekwondo Union (WTF)
440 S. Washington St.
Falls Church, Virginia 22046
USA
703-534-3737
FAX: 703-536-3223
http://www.patu.org
patuhq@patu.org

Philippine Taekwondo Association (WTF)
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
Vito Cruz Street, Malate
Metro-Manila, P.O.Box 2272
Philippines
63-2-815-2135
FAX: 63-2-817-7235

Polish Taekwon-do Association (ITF)
Nowowiejskiego 1/38
20-880 Lublin
Poland
48-81-7430150
http://www.pztkd.lublin.pl

Polish Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
Reymonta 35
60-791 Poznan
Poland
48-61-8663410 (both phone & fax)
http://www.taekwondo.home.pl
taekwondo@home.pl

Polish Taekwon-do Union (GTF)
P.O. Box 572
50-950 Wroclaw 2
Poland
48-71-3101639
FAX: 48-71-3101642
http://www.taekwondo.dw.pl
piotrgasior@poczta.onet.pl

Russian Taekwondo Union (WTF)
8, Luzhnetskaya nab.
Moscow 119871, Russia
7-095-201-0628
http://www.atha.ru
matekedu@mtu-net.ru

South African Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
P.O.Box 61418
Vaalpark, 9573
South Africa
27-16-9711-078

Taekwondo Association of China (WTF)
9, Tiyuguan Road
Beijing 100763, People's Republic of China
86-10-6702-1308

Taekwondo Australia Inc.
24 Orion St. Vermont, 3133
Melbourne. VIC.
Australia
61-03-9874-7094
http://www.taekwondoaustralia.org.au
jkotsifas@rct-law.com.au

Taekwondo World Foundation
1313 Dolley Madison Blvd
Suite 104
McLean, Virginia 22101
USA
202-872-1000

United States Chung Do Kwan Association
PO Box 1474
Lakeland, Florida 33802
USA
941-858-9427
http://www.uscdka.com

United States Hapkido Federation
P.O. Box 177
Bloomington, Indiana  47401
USA
812-855-4143
http://www.hapkido.org/html/

United States Korean Martial Arts Federation
291 Highway 51, E-10
Ridgeland, Mississippi 39157
USA
601-856-8487
FAX: 601-898-9687
http://www.hapkido.com
hapkido@netdoor.com

United States National Taekwondo Federation
9956 W. Grand Ave.
Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
USA
847-451-6000
FAX: 847-451-1333
http://www.usntf.com
kwons_tkd@msn.com

United States Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
20 Milburn Ave
Springfield, New Jersey
USA
201-467-3971
http://www.soobahkdo.com

United States Taekwondo Association
220 East 86th Street
New York, New York 10028
USA
212-772-8919

United States Taekwon-do Federation  (ITF)
6801 W. 117th Ave
#E-5
Broomfield, Colorado 80020
USA
303-466-4963

United States Taekwondo Union  (WTF)
One Olympic Plaza
Suite 104C
Colorado Spgs, Colorado 80909
USA
719-866-4632
http://www.ustu.org

United States Yudo Association
PO Box 620533
Orlando, Florida  32862-0533
USA
407-859-5013
FAX: 407-855-2620
http://www.usyudo.org

Universal Tae Kwon Do Brotherhood
2427 Buckingham Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
USA
313-971-7040  M-F 10AM to 5PM, Eastern timezone
http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Towers/8602/index.html

Venezuelan Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
10455 SW 96 Street
Miami, FL 33176
USA
58-81-665298
FAX: 1-305-598-9543
fevetkah@telcel.net.ve
macsupp@earthlink.net

World Dang Soo Do Union
SoungTan Moo Duk Kwan Dojang
Soungtan, Korea
011-82-31-666-2480
FAX: 011-82-31-666-2480
http://communities.msn.ca/WTSDU
tsdmdk@hotmail.com
dangsoo@yahoo.co.kr.com

World Hai Dong Gumdo Federation
Republic of Korea
Kyungki Do
Sangnam Si
Pundang Ku
Chongcha Dong 54-1
463-010
http://www.haidonggumdo.com

World Hapkido Federation
PO Box 15523
Los Angeles, California 90015
USA
714-730-3000
http://www.worldhapkidofederaton.com

World Hapkido Games Federation
KaeBongDong 170-41
4F
Kuroku
Seoul 152-090, Korea
2-2625-0961
http://www.hapkido.co.kr
hanjd@hapkido.co.kr

World Han Mu Do Association
4816 Jamestown Ave.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
USA
225-924-2837

World Hwa Rang Do Association
8200 Firestone Blvs
Downey, California 90241
USA
562-861-0111
http://www.hwarangdo.com

World KiDo Federation
36472 Fremont Blvd.
Fremont, California 94536
USA
510-796-4115
FAX: 510-744-0266
http://www.kidohae.com
websabum@kidohae.com

World Kuk Sool Association
20275 FM-2920
Tomball, Texas 77375
USA
281-255-2550
FAX: 281-255-2548
http://www.kuksoolwon.com

World Kum Do Association
1207 East Locust Street
Davenport, IA 52803
USA
319-323-9801
worldkumdo@home.com
worldkumdo@yahoo.com

World Moo Duk Kwan Tang Soo Do Federation
524 Wilbur St.
Brandon, Florida 33511
USA
813-684-2284

World Sin Moo Hapkido Association
20 Waverly Place
Trenton, New Jersey
USA
609-588-4757
http://www.sinmoo.com

World Song Moo Kwan Association
2913 Lyndale Avenue S
Minneapolis, MN 55408
USA
612-823-8233
FAX: 612-823-1433
http://www.songmookwan.com
songmookwan@hotmail.com

World Tae Kwon Do Association
4th Floor
47 West 14th Street
New York, New York 10003
USA
212-675-8143
http://www.wtahq.com

World Taekwondo Federation
4th Fl., JoYang Building
113, Samseong-dong, Gangnam-gu
Seoul, Korea 135-090
Tel: 82 2 566 2505 --- 82 2 557 5446
Fax: 82 2 553 4728
http://www.wtf.org
wtf@wtf.org

World Tang Soo Do Association
709 Oregon Ave.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19148
USA
215-468-2121
FAX: 215-336-2121
http://www.worldtangsoodo.com
wtsda@aol.com

World Tang Soo Do Union
see World Dang Soo Do Union

WTF Taekwondo Association of Canada (WTF)
1300 Carling Ave
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada K1Z-7L2
613-722-9760
wtfcanada@msn.com

*************************************************************
* 15.0 The people that made this FAQ possible
*************************************************************

This FAQ is not a one person effort, but the combined effort
of many.  Many thanks to those below that made this FAQ possible.

(sorry if I left anyone out)

 

Some answers given may reflect personal biases of the author and the
FAQ's contributors.  The answers contained herein pertain to discussions
on The_Dojang email distribution list and are by no means exhaustive.

 

Copyright 1997-2017: Ray Terry, Martial Arts Resource, California Taekwondo and Hapkido
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License

 

*********************************************************
THE END OF THE KMA FAQ
*********************************************************